其根源可追溯至1845年荷兰保险公司之成立。据美国《财富》(FORTUNES)杂志统计,以资产净值计算,荷兰国际集团在提供综合性金融财经业务方面(银行与保险业务),居世界第一位。 目前,该集团在世界上65个国家和地区设有分支机构,透过其. F/c=favorite color f/g=favorite gem(e.g. Opal,sapphire,ruby) I hesitated unsure whether to jump or not.I accidentally slipped falling into utter blackness until I finally couldn't breathe because there was no oxygen in the air. I tried to stay alive to fight for my siblings.Now I would be gone,no one would ever find my bod.
A standard American Checker Federation (ACF) set: smooth red and white 1.25-inch (32 mm) diameter pieces; green and buff 2-inch (51 mm) squaresGenre(s)Players2Playing timeCasual games usually last 10 to 30 minutesRandom chanceNoneSkill(s) required, tacticsSynonym(s)CheckersAmerican checkersStraight checkersEnglish draughts or checkers (; see ), also called American checkers or straight checkers, is a form of the. It is played on an 8×8 with 12 pieces per side. The pieces move and capture diagonally forward, until they reach the opposite end of the board, when they are crowned and can thereafter move and capture both backward and forward.As in all forms of draughts, English draughts is played by two opponents, alternating turns on opposite sides of the board. The pieces are traditionally black, red, or white. Enemy pieces are captured by jumping over them.The 8×8 variant of draughts was in 2007 by the team of Canadian computer scientist.
From the standard starting position, both players can guarantee a draw with. Contents.Pieces Though pieces are traditionally made of wood, now many are made of plastic, though other materials may be used. Pieces are typically flat. They are invariably split into one darker and one lighter colour.
Traditionally and in tournaments, these colours are red and white, but black and red are common in the United States, as well as dark- and light-stained wooden pieces. The darker-coloured side is commonly referred to as 'Black'; the lighter-coloured side, 'White'.There are two classes of pieces: men and kings. Men are single pieces. Kings consist of two men of the same colour, stacked one on top of the other. The bottom piece is referred to as crowned. Some sets have pieces with a crown molded, engraved or painted on one side, allowing the player to simply turn the piece over or to place the crown-side up on the crowned man, further differentiating kings from men. Pieces are often manufactured with indentations to aid stacking.Rules Starting position.
The starting setup; Red moves first.Each player starts with 12 men on the dark squares of the three rows closest to that player's side (see diagram). The row closest to each player is called the kings row or crownhead. The player with the darker-coloured pieces moves first.
Then alternate.Move rules There are two different ways to move in English draughts:. Simple move: A simple move consists of moving a piece one square diagonally to an adjacent unoccupied dark square. Uncrowned pieces can move diagonally forward only; kings can move in any diagonal direction. Jump: A jump consists of moving a piece that is diagonally adjacent an opponent's piece, to an empty square immediately beyond it in the same direction.
(Thus 'jumping over' the opponent's piece.) Men can jump diagonally forward only; kings can jump in any diagonal direction. A jumped piece is considered 'captured' and removed from the game. Any piece, king or man, can jump a king.Multiple jumps are possible, if after one jump, another piece is immediately eligible to be jumped—even if that jump is in a different diagonal direction. If more than one multi-jump is available, the player can choose which piece to jump with, and which sequence of jumps to make. The sequence chosen is not required to be the one that maximizes the number of jumps in the turn; however, a player must make all available jumps in the sequence chosen.Jumping is always mandatory: if a player has the option to jump, he must take it, even if doing so results in disadvantage for the jumping player. For example, a mandated single jump might set up the player such that the opponent has a multi-jump in reply.
Any piece can move in any direction if it is going to double jump. Which means that if you jump your opponents piece you can go backward in order to jump another piece.Kings If a man moves into the kings row on the opponent's side of the board, it is crowned as a king and gains the ability to move both forward and backward. If a man moves into the kings row or if it jumps into the kings row, the current move terminates; the piece is crowned as a king but cannot jump back out as in a multi-jump, until another move.End of game A player wins by capturing all of the opponent's pieces. The game ends in a draw if by leaving the opponent with no legal move or neither side can force a win, or by agreement (one side offering a draw, the other accepting).Rule variations.
Within the permanent collection of. In tournament English draughts, a variation called three-move restriction is preferred. The first three moves are drawn at random from a set of accepted openings. Two games are played with the chosen opening, each player having a turn at either side.
This tends to reduce the number of and can make for more exciting matches. Three-move restriction has been played in the U.S. Championship since 1934.
A two-move restriction was used from 1900 until 1934 in the United States and in the British Isles until the 1950s. Before 1900, championships were played without restriction, a style is called Go As You Please (GAYP). One rule which has fallen out of favor is the huffing rule. In this variation jumping is not mandatory, but if a player does not take their jump (either deliberately or by failing to see it), the piece that could have made the jump is blown or huffed, i.e. Removed from the board. After huffing the offending piece, the opponent then takes their turn as normal.
Huffing does not appear in the official rules of the World Checkers Draughts Federation, of which the American Checker Federation and English Draughts Association are members. Two common rule variants, not recognised by player associations, are:.
Capturing with a king precedes capturing with a man. In this case, any available capture can be made at the player's choice. A man that has jumped to become a king, can then in the same turn continue to capture other pieces in a multi-jump.Notation.
Squares are identified by numbers 1–32. In draughts diagrams, the Black side is typically shown at the top. In printed diagrams, dark and light squares are often reversed for legibility.There is a standardised notation for recording games. All 32 reachable board squares are numbered in sequence. The numbering starts in Black's double-corner. Black's squares on the first rank are numbered 1 to 4; the next rank 5 to 8, and so on.
Moves are recorded as 'from-to', so a move from 9 to 14 would be recorded 9-14. Captures are notated with an 'x' connecting the start and end squares. The game result is often abbreviated as BW/RW (Black/Red wins) or WW (White wins).Sample game White resigned after Black's 46th move.Event '1981 World Championship Match, Game #37'Black 'M. Tinsley'White 'A. Long'Result '1–0'1.
9-14 23-18 2. 14x23 27x18 3. 12-16 30-26 5.
16-19 24x15 6. 10x19 23x16 7. 11x20 22-17 8.
7-11 18-15 9. 11x18 28-24 10. 20x27 32x5 11. 8-11 26-23 12. 4-8 25-22 13. 11-15 17-13 14.
8-11 21-17 15. 11-16 23-18 16. 15-19 17-14 17.
19-24 14-10 18. 6x15 18x11 19. 24-28 22-17 20. 28-32 17-14 21. 32-28 31-27 22. 16-19 27-24 23.
19-23 24-20 24. 23-26 29-25 25. 26-30 25-21 26. 30-26 14-9 27. 26-23 20-16 28.
23-18 16-12 29. 18-14 11-8 30. 28-24 8-4 31. 24-19 4-8 32.
19-16 9-6 33. 10-15 1-6 35. 16-11 8-4 37. 15-18 6-1 38.
18-22 1-6 39. 22-26 6-1 40. 26-30 1-6 41. 30-26 6-1 42.
26-22 1-6 43. 22-18 6-1 44. 9-6 21-17 46.
18-22 BW Unicode In Unicode, the draughts are encoded in block Miscellaneous Symbols:. U+26C0 ⛀ WHITE DRAUGHTS MAN (HTML ⛀).
U+26C1 ⛁ WHITE DRAUGHTS KING (HTML ⛁). U+26C2 ⛂ BLACK DRAUGHTS MAN (HTML ⛂). U+26C3 ⛃ BLACK DRAUGHTS KING (HTML ⛃)Sport The men's in English draughts dates to the 1840s, predating the men's, the championship for men in, by several decades.
Noted world champions include,. Championship held in GAYP (Go As You Please) and 3-Move versions. The winners in men's have been from the United Kingdom, United States, and most recently Italy in the 3-Move division.The woman's championship is more recent and started in 1993, the winners have been from Ireland, and.The European Cup has been held since 2013; the World Cup, since 2015.Computer players The first English draughts was written by, M.A. At the, London. Strachey finished the programme, written in his spare time, in February 1951.
It ran for the first time on NPL's on 30 July 1951. He soon modified the programme to run on the.The second computer program was written in 1956 by, a researcher from. Other than it being one of the most complicated game playing programs written at the time, it is also well known for being one of the first adaptive programs. It learned by playing games against modified versions of itself, with the victorious versions surviving. Samuel's program was far from mastering the game, although one win against a blind checkers master gave the general public the impression that it was very good.In the 1990s, the strongest program was, written in 1989 by a team from the led by., world champion from 1955–1962 and from 1975–1991, won a match against the machine in 1992. In 1994, Tinsley had to resign in the middle of an even match for health reasons; he died shortly thereafter. In 1995, Chinook defended its man-machine title against in a thirty-two game match.
The final score was 1–0 with 31 draws for Chinook over Don Lafferty. In 1996 Chinook won in the U.S. National Tournament by the widest margin ever, and was retired from play after that event. The man-machine title has not been contested since.In July 2007, in an article published in, Chinook's developers announced that the program had been improved to the point where it could not lose a game. If no mistakes were made by either player, the game would always end in a draw. After eighteen years, they have computationally proven a to the game of checkers. Using between two hundred at the peak of the project and around fifty later on, the team made just 10 14 calculations to search from the initial position to a database of positions with at most ten pieces.
However, the solution is only for the initial position rather than for all 156 accepted random 3 move openings of tournament play.Computational complexity The number of possible positions in English draughts is 500,995,484,682,338,672,639 and it has a of approximately 10 40. By comparison, chess is estimated to have between.When draughts is so that it can be played on an n× n board, the problem of determining if the first player has a win in a given position is.The July 2007 announcement by 's team stating that the game had been must be understood in the sense that, with on both sides, the game will always finish with a draw. However, not all positions that could result from imperfect play have been analysed. List of top draughts programs. Cake.See also. Cady, Alice Howard (1896).
New York: American Sports Publishing Company. World Checkers Draughts Federation. World Checkers Draughts Federation. 1 December 2019. The Proceedings of the Association for Computing Machinery Meeting, Toronto, 1952.
Chinook. Chang, Kenneth (July 19, 2007). The New York Times. Schmid, Randolph E (July 19, 2007). New Scientist. July 19, 2007. Archived from on December 14, 2007.
Retrieved 2017-11-18. Schaeffer, Jonathan (2007). 'Game over: Black to play and draw in checkers'. 30 (4): 187–197. Schaeffer, Jonathan (14 September 2007).
317 (5844): 1518–1522.External links. 8 (11th ed.).
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If you are accessing our website through asocial media account, please refer to the social media provider’s privacy policy for informationregarding their data collection. Log FilesLike most standard Web site servers, we use log files. This includes internet protocol (IP)addresses, browser type, internet service provider (ISP), referring/exit pages, platform type,date/timestamp, and number of clicks to analyze trends, administer the site, track user’smovement in the aggregate, and gather broad demographic information for aggregate use. WARNING: The following contains major spoilers for Season 1 of Netflix's.Netflix's V Wars adapts the IDW Comics action-horror book of the same name from writer Jonathan Maberry, which focuses on an infection turning a vast portion of America into vampires and the human aggression that ensues. Over the course of 10 episodes, Season 1 deals with Luther (Ian Somerhalder), a doctor trying to cure a disease that activates the 'predator gene' and turns people into bloodthirsty creatures.RELATED:His main enemy is his best friend Michael (Adrian Holmes), the man who helped him discover the infection in the Arctic Circle and patient zero. Since then, Michael has become ruler of Blood Nation, rallying vamps known as Bloods across the country while the Department of National Security works secretly to place them into internment camps. It all comes to a head in the finale, 'Bloody but Unbow'd,' where Luther's proposed solution, a compound called BludSub, actually proves to be the catalyst for all-out war.
Civil war erupts in Blood Nation when the Bloods agree to take the BludSub after Luther outed the DNS to the Senate the episode before. Senator Giroux pushed for this peaceful solution all season long as her daughter, Amelie, was infected too, and Luther, on the senator's behalf, worked out a truce with Michael who simply wants his kind to be accepted in society. They agree BludSub will curb the need to feed on humans and animals, and so a large number of Bloods take the nutritional substitute.However, many of them die immediately, leading to uprising in Blood Nation as they believe this was a ruse by the government to thin their ranks.
Michael vouches for Luther's innocence, but his second-in-command, Ava, wants her army to take out the humans and send a message for this act of treason. Michael's been sick for a while but he still insists the legion must maintain peace, which leads to Ava taking command of their camp behind his back. He's weaponized Blood Nation with tech and ammo to make them a true military, and he also has the initial biomass Luther found. Calix stole it when he fled the government and he's now turned it into a chemical weapon of mass destruction. Calix is the one who most likely helped Ava poison Michael when they realized both their agendas aligned - ensuring Bloods went top of the food chain.
To kickstart the violence so humans would begin seeing them as masters, Calix was the one who poisoned the first batch of BludSub.Calix has another massive ace in the hole in the form of Luther's son, Dez. When the government raided the senator's home, Jimmy (the FBI agent who helped Luther) fled with Amelie, but Dez was kidnapped by Calix's forces.
Dez is the only person who has immunity to the infection and Calix vows to use him to ensure all potential cures can be identified and eliminated. To him, the boy's insurance against Luther's science and any backlash the government wants to throw at him. Season 1 ends with Luther ditching his lab coat and training to become a vampire hunter. He's buffer than ever and rocking a shotgun, gearing up similar to Marvel's Blade for battle. He's met at his secret lair by Mila (Laura Vandervoort), a vampire-human hybrid who can suppress her rage.
She's the equal to the Bloods and throughout the season, she was hunting her sister, Danika, who turned her and then became Michael's girlfriend.When the Bloods rebelled against Michael, Ava sent Danika fleeing through the woods, only for Mila to meet her sibling up, killing her off-screen with a gun in revenge. Now, Mila knows how bad Blood Nation's gotten and in the four-month time jump, she's found Luther who wants to rescue Dez. Mila informs him she's gotten the drop on a location and they head out on the mission. They're not alone, though, as Luther has an army too, who clearly revere him as a general. What makes him dangerous is he's now just as much brawn as he is brain, and with Mila as his general, Luther is finally equipped with an anti-Blood Nation.V Wars stars Ian Somerhalder (Dr. Luther Swann), Adrian Holmes (Michael Fayne), Jacky Lai (Kaylee Vo), Peter Outerbridge (Calix Niklos), Kyle Breitkopf (Dez), Laura Vandervoort (Mila Dubov) and Kimberly-Sue Murray (Danika Dubov). Season 1 is currently streaming on Netflix.KEEP READING.
I'm a former Chemical Engineer. It was boring so I decided to write about things I love. On the geek side of things, I write about comics, cartoons, video games, television, movies and basically, all things nerdy. I also write about music in terms of punk, indie, hardcore and emo because well, they rock!
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